![]() 8 Finally, it forbids requiring the transfer or access to the source code of software (including algorithms that are part of a source code) as a condition for selling or using that software in a member state’s territory. 7 Similarly, it prohibits any requirement to locate computing facilities in a member state as a condition of doing business in that jurisdiction, except for contracts with governments. It also does not allow restrictions of cross-border data transfers, including for personal data. To that end, it prohibits the imposition of custom duties on digital transactions, although it allows domestic taxes on digital trade as long as they do not discriminate against firms from other USMCA parties. The chapter is the most advanced among existing free trade agreements (FTAs) in terms of liberalizing digital trade between its members (Haji and Leblond forthcoming Meltzer 2019a). The USMCA Chapter 19 on digital trade should form the basis for the three North American partners to cooperate in developing and integrating their digital markets because it addresses the key elements necessary for digital trade to flourish in North America. Given that about 25 percent of the three North American economies’ total trade in goods and services takes place in North America, then we can reasonably estimate that about one quarter of total digitally ordered goods and services in North America would be traded between Canada, Mexico, and the U.S. If we assume that about ten percent of digitally ordered goods and services are internationally traded, then this means that about $1 trillion of such goods and services would be traded internationally. So, in total, we are talking about ten trillion dollars in online sales for North America. Assuming that B2B online sales represent at least 80 percent of total online sales for Mexico, we can estimate the latter’s B2B digital market to be over $200 billion. With $31 billion in B2C online sales in 2019, Mexico came in 14th place in the world, only a few spots behind Canada (UNCTAD 2021a, 5). As for Canada, total online sales amounted to C$336 billion in 2019 (Statistics Canada 2021), placing it just short of the top 10 in the world. is the largest, by far, digital market in the world, with $9.5 trillion in total-B2C and business to business (B2B)-online sales (of goods and services) in 2019 (UNCTAD 2021a, 4). ![]() Some databases are only available through the UK Data Service.Trade in digitally ordered goods and services between the three North American economies could be worth as much as $250 billion. The University of Edinburgh has a subscription. It also contains content published by the International Energy Agency (IEA), the Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA), the OECD Development Centre, PISA (Programme for International Student Assessment), and the International Transport Forum (ITF). OECD iLibrary is the online library OECD featuring its books, papers and statistics and is the gateway to OECD's analysis and data. set international standards (from agriculture and tax to the safety of chemicals).analyse and compare data to predict future trends.measure productivity and global flows of trade and investment. ![]() ![]()
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